Speeches of the Security Members during the Resolution over Syria Essay

Speeches of the Security Members during the Resolution over Syria - Essay Example Even though, America and NATO expressed their concern regarding the affairs in that region their worry was the intimidation masqueraded by Islamic terrorism (Amnesty International, 2012, Pg.123-124). The latest Sino-Russian support over Syria in the UN Security Council, the General Assembly and other global meetings is suggestive as it reveals a mutual sense of dangers, and solidarity to develop a policy to resist America, NATO and other regional nations where their course of action threatens Chinese and Russian interests. This paper shall analyze the latest Security Council debate, which led to the resolution S/2012/77 and criticized the extended brutality caused by the Syrian authorities. I shall particularly analyze the five speeches made by the representatives of the Security members, which includes, USA, China, Russia, Syria and Azerbaijan countries (Khashan, 2011, Pg.120). In the context of the latest Security Council, the debate that led to the veto resolution S/2012/77, the Syrian government is under criticism regarding its brutal actions, and the purpose of this debate was to stop violation of human rights and attacks caused by Syria. Instead of endorsing the move to full capacity, the Russian and the Chinese ambassadors, Vitaly Churkin and Li Baodong respectively, implemented a mutual policy purposed at creating a resolution that would not be harsh on both the Syrian authorities or remove president Bashar from office. In endorsing their policy, they claimed that implementing such a resolution would provoke external armed intrusion in Syria, and this may cause an outbreak of a bloodier civil war (International Crisis Group, 2011, Pg.100-101). Vitaly Churkin emphasized that Russia’s idea was an objective solution that would eradicate human violence and attacks and commence a political healing in Syria. He said that Russia had already arranged a meeting with President Al-Assad the following week, in order to obtain a concession that would create a peaceful dialogue between the regime and the opposition parties.  Ã‚  

Math word problems Essay Example for Free

Math word problems Essay In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side of the triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite side and adjacent sides of the triangle (Eves, 1997). This is known as the Pythagoras triangle. There are various applications of Pythagoras theorem in day-to-day situation that involves right angled triangles. An example of the application of Pythagoras theorem involving right angle triangles in day-to-day situations is in the determination of the height of a window from the foot of the ground. It is quite difficult to accurately determine the height of a window from the foot of the ground, but with the application of Pythagoras theorem this makes it easier. Assuming, we have a rigid ladder that leans against a vertical house, touching the window whose height is to be determined. This forms a right angled triangle. The distance from the base of the ladder to the foot of the building represents the adjacent side of the triangle and the length of the ladder is the hypotenuse side of the triangle, the height of the window whose length is to be determined is the opposite side of the triangle. Let the length of the ladder be represented by h, the distance between the foot of the ladder and the foot of the building be represented by a, then the height of the window from the base of the building be represented by o. Each parameter represents the hypotenuse, adjacent and the opposite sides of the triangle. Mathematically, applying Pythagoras theorem, h2= o2 + a2 The length of the window is the opposite side of the triangle and is represented by o above. Therefore making o the subject of the formulae, We have o= v (h2 – a2). So given that we know the length of the ladder and the horizontal distance between the foot of the ladder and the foot of the building, then the height of the window can be calculated using the above formulae. The application of Pythagoras theorem in the determination of the height of a window further validates the authenticity of the theorem. Reference Eves, H. (1997). Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics. New York: Dover Publications.

Conversion of Waste to Energy

Conversion of Waste to Energy This section of the report focuses on waste to energy which is one of the most popular methods used to manage municipal solid waste around the world. Through waste to energy, trash has become a useful material because we are able to convert it to heat. The combustion of trash at a waste to energy facility produce ash, heat and flue gas. From the ash, metals are recovered and recycled. The flue gas is cleaned then it is released into the atmosphere through the chimney. The heat produced is used to generate electricity that powers the plant and nearby buildings. A waste to energy plant in the community helps to increase recycling rate which is beneficial for the city. There are more advantages to waste to energy than disadvantages, therefore it is essential that the city utilizes waste to energy has a way of managing municipal solid waste. 4.1.1. Introduction The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in New York City has changed over the past decade from ocean and street dumping, to unregulated incineration, to current and export landfilling practices (Sylvan, 2011). The NYC Department of Sanitation, which is in charge of managing NYC waste collaborates with the Department of Parks and Recreation, the Sims Multi Recycling Recovery Facility, and GreeNYC to manage the citys waste through recycling, waste reduction, and composting and organic waste diversion (Cohen et al., 2015). In 2006, to efficiently manage the citys waste, the city Council approved the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) which was created under the administrator of former Mayor Bloomberg (Cohen et al., 2015). The purpose of this plan was to establish a dependable, economical, and sustainable system for managing the citys waste (Cohen et al., 2015). This plan was eventually integrated into the sustainability planning under the PlaNYC, New York Citys compr ehensive sustainability plan in 2011 (Cohen et al., 2015). Under the new plan, in 2012, Former Mayor Bloomberg announced that the city would solicit plans to build a waste to energy facility near or within New York City (Rizzo et al., 2012). Waste to energy (WTE) technology is a process where trash is converted to heat/electricity. The most common waste to energy technology use around the world is mass burn, where trash is combusted to produce energy (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). However, the plan to build a WTE facility was eventually archived due to misconceptions surrounding WTE (Rizzo et al., 2012). 4.1.1.1 Background on the Problem Incinerators are not new to New York City. In the 20th century, there were thirty-two municipal and 17,000 apartment house refuse incinerator in the city (Walsh et al., 2001). In 1935, New York City was forced to stop ocean dumping, which was the waste disposal method for the city at that time, after a federal lawsuit was filed by New Jersey coastal cities (Cohen et al., 2015). This led the city to rely on incinerators and landfill to dispose of its waste (Cohen et al., 2015). However, in 1952, citys officials reported that apartment house refuse incinerators were responsible for 30% of the citys air pollution (Walsh, 2002). The report on air pollution caused by incinerators in the 1950s led to the limits on incinerator usage based on environmental grounds (Walsh, 2002). In 1970, after the Federal Clean Air act was enacted, the city was forced to shut down incinerators plant that did not meet the emissions guidelines (WastedNYC, 2015). The emission guidelines led to the closure of th e citys four oldest municipal incinerators by 1971, and by mid- 1970s thousands of residential incinerators were closed down (Walsh, 2002). In 1989, City Council committee passes a bill to ban incinerators in the city in the next four years (WastedNYC, 2015; Dunlap, 1989). This bill led to the decline of both residential and municipal incinerators, and by 1994 there were no more incinerator plants in New York City (Walsh, 2002; Rizzo et al., 2012). 4.1.1.2. Purpose of the Paper The burning of garbage and WTE are related because they both involve the combustion of trash. However, WTE is not just about burning trash but it is used to produce energy. The purpose of this paper is to outline how WTE plants work as well as the benefit the city stands to gain if it builds its own WTE facility. The city currently sends approximately 10% of its MSW to WTE plants in Hempstead, Long Island and Essex County, New Jersey (Cohen 2015, Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). If the city were to build its owns plant, it would save money from not spending on the transportation of waste and the use of other states landfills or WTE facilities. WTE has the ability to improve New York Citys current waste disposal practices (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). 4.1.2. Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Process 4.1.2.1. How Incineration Works Figure 4.1.1: Schematic Diagram of the MSW incineration process (Lam et al., 2010). The incineration process of MSW is separated into three main parts: combustion, energy recovery and air pollution control (Lam et al., 2010). The crane in the machine (upper left, Fig.4.1.1) is used to feed solid waste into the furnace of the machine continually for combustion (Lam et al., 2010). The combustion of the waste in the furnace is enhanced by following the three Ts guideline, which are temperature, turbulence and time (Lam et al., 2010). High temperature increases burnout of the waste, while increasing turbulence reveals more waste surface and also increases burnout. (Lam et al., 2010). A longer resident time for the flue gas and waste also increases burnout (Lam et al., 2010). The temperature for incineration should be at least 850 oC with a residence time of 2 minutes (Lam et al., 2010). Air supply must be sufficient during the process to ensure complete combustion of waste and to inhibit the formation of carbon monoxide and dioxins (Lam et al., 2010). For the energy recovery process of the system, heat is generated from the waste and it is used to produce steam in the boiler (Lam et al., 2010). The steam is then used to drives the turbine to generate electricity (Lam et al., 2010). Air pollution was a major problem for old incinerators in the 20th century. However, modern incinerators are equipped with advanced pollution control systems which are designed to reduce pollution and ensure that the system is in compliance with environmental standards (Lam et al., 2010). To neutralize acidic gases such as hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides, fine atomized slurry or lime powder is spray into the hot exhaust gas using a dry/wet scrubber (Lam et al., 2010). Also in the system, an activated carbon column is used to adsorb the heavy metals and organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the exhaust gas (Lam et al., 2010). The bag filter install in the system acts to filter and remove dust particles and fine particulates from the combustion (Lam et al., 2016). 4.1.2.2. The Product of Incineration of Waste After the combustion of the waste three products are produced, the products are flue gas, heat and ash (Lam et al., 2016). 4.1.2.2.1. Flue gas The flue gas produced from the combustion contains air pollutant (Zaman, 2010) (See table 4.1.3). Therefore, before the flue gas is release through the chimney, the filtering system makes sure the gas is clean to be released into the atmosphere (Zaman, 2010). 4.1.2.2.2. Heat The heat produced is used to generate electricity. The facilities use the electricity generated to operate the plant and sell the excess energy (Chambers, 2016; Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). At most facilities, for every ton of waste combusted, 550 to 650 Kilowatt/hour (KWh) of electricity is generated for sale (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This is the way that WTE facilities are able to earn more income for the plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). 4.1.2.2.3. Ash There are two types of ash produced from the combustion, bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) (Lam et al., 2016). The ash is 90 percent smaller than the original volume of the waste combusted (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). From the ash, WTE facilities are able to extract recyclable ferrous and non-ferrous metals (Chambers, 2016; Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Then the ashes are landfilled (Chambers, 2016). Before the ashes are landfilled, the facilities test the ashes to make sure that the ashes are not hazardous to the environment (Chambers, 2016). However, in some Asian and European countries that uses WTE, the ashes are not landfilled but rather utilized for other purposes such as cement and concrete production, road pavement, glass ceramics and ceramic production, adsorbent for dyes and agriculture (Lam et al., 2010; Pà ©rez-Villarejo et al., 2012). Application of MSW ashes Type Application Composition % Country BA Aggregate in concrete up to 50% France BA Aggregate in concrete replace up to 15% of cement Slovenia BA Road base Spain BA Adsorbent for dyes India BA Concrete Italy Mixed Ash Cement clinker up to 50% Portugal Mixed Ash Cement clinker 44% Japan Mixed Ash Cement clinker 15% Taiwan Mixed Ash Aggregate in concrete Spain FA Concrete 50% France FA Eco cement 50% Japan FA Ceramic tile China FA Glass ceramic Korea FA Blended cement up to 45% UK Table 4.1.1: The uses of MSW Ash in different countries. The BA represents Bottom Ash, the FA represents Fly Ash and the Mixed Ash represents the mixture of both BA and FA (Modified after Lam et al., 2010). Table 4.1.2: Research projects on MSW ash as road construction materials in the U.S. BA represents Bottom Ash and combined ash represents both Bottom Ash and Fly Ash (Modified after An et al., 2014). WTE facilities in the United States(U.S.) such as Covanta have been lobbying to recycle the ash instead of landfilling it, but these attempts have been unsuccessful so far (Chambers, 2016). The facilities have been lobbying for both federal and state regulation that would allow the usage of ash in the country (Chambers, 2016). Several studies conducted in the U.S. has proved that ash can be used in the U.S. as part of road construction (An et al., 2014) (see table 4.1.2). Despite the research showing that ash is usable in the U.S. no regulation has been passed to allow the usage of ash (An et al., 2014). Recycling of ash would be beneficiary because it would help eliminate landfills. Therefore, it is essential that these facilities continue to lobby for the recycling of ash. 4.1.3. Misconception about Waste to Energy Opposition to waste to energy plant in the city is rooted in two misconceptions (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). One of the misconceptions is that a waste to energy plant would displace recycling programs in the city (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This has been proven to be false based on places that use waste to energy as part of their waste management program (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). High reliance on WTE is in fact correlated with high recycling rate (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). For example, in Austria where WTE facilities are used, 70 percent of its MSW is either recycled or composed while the remaining 30 percent is sent to WTE plants (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Meanwhile, in the U.S., studies have shown that states that do not rely heavily on WTE to manage their waste have a recycling rate below 20 percent while states that rely heavily on WTE has recycling rates above 20 percent. (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). For example, Connecticut, which is one of the leading states in reliance on WTE, sends 63 percent of its waste to WTE plants and recycle d 26 percent of its waste (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). As of 2015, the recycling rate for the city was 16%, which is lower than the recycling rate for Connecticut (Szendro, 2015). This demonstrates that having a WTE plant in the city would not displace recycling but rather help us recycle better. The other misconception about WTE is that it causes air pollution which would affect the health of the resident that would who live around the plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). In the 20th century there was a problem with incineration due to the fact that it causes air pollution. However, modern incinerators are equipped with systems that reduce the amount of pollutants released from the plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Also tight rule and regulations have led to the reduction of pollutant from WTE plants (Chambers, 2016). Under the federal Clean Air Act, WTE facilities must abide by the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) rules, which apply to eight different air pollutants (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Every five years, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) updates the MACT, which result in the update of pollution control in WTE facilities to meet the new EPA limits (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). In 2012, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) examined eight air pollutants at the states municipal waste combustion plants and found that most pollutant had declined by 30 to 60 percent from 1996 to 2010 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). *Toxic equivalent (sum of substance amounts multiplied by toxicity equivalency). Table 4.1.3. Emission from US WTE facilities Pre- versus Post MACT (Modified after EPA, 2016). Table 4.1.4. Average emission of 87 US WTE facilities (Lumber et al., 2006 as citied in Psomopoulos et al., 2009). WTE facilities in the US emit pollutants that are below that of the EPA Standard (Chambers, 2016, Psomopoulos et al., 2009) (see table 4.1.4). Numerous studies have shown that modern combustion plants pose no significant health risks (Citizen Budget commission., 2012). For example, a study in Germany, found near new WTE facilities the dioxin levels are only 1 to 2 percent of the level considered harmful to human health (Citizen Budget Commission., 2012). Another example, in Montgomery County WTE facility a health risk assessment found that even in the worst case scenario a nearby farmer has a one in three million chance of increase health risk from exposure to the facility(Budget Citizen Commission., 2012). This shows that WTE plants have no effect on human health and the idea that WTE plants in the city would affect the health of New Yorkers is false. 4.1.4. Benefit of Waste to Energy 4.1.4.1. Energy production and reduction in Greenhouse gases At WTE plants, combustion of 1 metric ton of MSW generates approximately 600 kWh of electricity thus preventing the mining of 0.25 ton of U.S. coal or importing one barrel of oil for electricity (Psomopolous et al., 2009). This lead to the displacement of energy produced at local facilities (Citizen Budget Commission., 2013). For example, the EPA calculated that for a ton of wasted combusted in the Middle Atlantic region prevent about 0.56 metric tons of emission from local utilities (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The EPA also estimated that for every ton of waste combusted, 0.04 tons of carbon dioxide from metal recovery is saved (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). WTE is the only alternative to landfilling of non-recyclable wastes, where the decomposing waste releases methane into the atmosphere (Psomopoulos et al., 2009). Which means that the city practice of hauling waste to other states landfill is increasing the citys carbon footprint. Disposing of the citys garbage to local WTE would decrease the citys carbon foot print (Citizen Budget Commission., 2012). 4.1.4.2. Source of Renewable Energy Figure 4.1.2. Sources of U.S. electricity generation in 2015 (Modified after EIA, 2016). The combustible materials in MSW consist of 82% biomass (paper, food, yard wastes etc.), and 18% petroleum chemical wastes (Psomopolous et al., 2009). Therefore, MSW is considered a renewable source of energy and it is included by the U.S. Department of Energy in the biomass fuel category of renewable energy source (Psomopolous et al., 2009). In 2015, renewable energy generated 13% of the energy produced in the U.S. (EIA, 2016). The electricity produced by WTE facilities in the U.S. is 3% of the renewable energy generated in 2015, which is less than the amount of electricity generated by other renewable energy sources such as wind (35% of renewable energy generated), and solar (5% of renewable energy generated) (EIA, 2016) (see Figure 4.1.2). However, compare to wind and solar energy, the electricity generated by waste is consistent because the availability of these resources is stable, while the amount of electricity generated by the wind and solar energy depend on daily and seasona l weather, and this make the sources unreliable. (EIA, 2016). This shows that even though waste is not generating a lot of energy, it is a stable energy resource. 4.1.4.3. Recycling Having a WTE plant in the city would increase the citys recycling rate. WTE plant in the city would burn only non-recyclable material, which means that New Yorkers have the responsibility of sorting out their garbage before it is taken to the WTE plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). 4.1.4.4. Free Amenities The people who live near the WTE plant might be entitled to free amenities. For example, the Toshima Incinerator plant in Tokyo has a swimming pool and an affordable fitness center located within the plant (Harden, 2008). These amenities are accessible to the people who live in community where the plant is located (Harden, 2008). Another example, is the Hiroshima Naka Citys Incinerator plant in Japan, which is also known as the museum of garbage (Harden, 2008). The end of one of Hiroshimas main boulevards, overlooks the citys harbor, but the building has entirely blocked residents access to the water(Bernstein,2004). Therefore, the architect of the building decided to continue the boulevard, in form of a raised, glass-enclosed walkway (Bernstein, 2004). Beginning where the pavement ends, a 400-foot walkway slips was put through the building, ending in a new waterfront park. Residents can walk through the slip to get access to the waterfront park (Bernstein, 2004). The beautiful archi tecture of the plant has made it a tourist attraction center in Hiroshima (Bernstein, 2004). This proves that WTE plants can be multifunctional. If the city decides to build its own WTE plants it can make it attractive to the community by including free amenities. 4.1.5. Economic Analysis In 2012, the average price of sending our waste to distant landfill was $95 per ton and it was estimated that the price would increase to $140 per ton in 2016 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Meanwhile sending our waste to WTE facilities in Newark, New Jersey, and Hempstead, Long Island cost the city $66 and $77 per ton, respectively (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The prices for sending our waste to distant landfill and WTE facilities is expected to increase in the coming years (Citizen Budget Commission, 2016). In comparison, the projected tipping fees of new plants are much lower than sending our waste out of the city (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The New York City Independent Budget Office (IBO) estimated that the tipping fee at a new WTE plant that process 900,000 tons of waste per year would cost about $108 per ton in 2019, which is cheaper than the $140 per ton in 2016 for landfill (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Therefore, it would be beneficiary for the city to build its own plants. A full detail on economic analysis regarding WTE can be found in section 4.4 of this report. 4.1.6. Recommendation The use of a WTE plant located in the city or near the city offers both economic and environmental benefits compared to sending our waste out of the City (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Different factors are involved in estimating the economic benefits from the use of citys own WTE facility (citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The Key factors for the estimation are the future price of transporting waste to landfills, and the time it would take to plan, design and construct a plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Therefore, the cost of WTE would be compared to the amount the City would be paying to export its waste in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). It is estimated that in 2022 the City would be paying $170 per ton to export to landfill (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). It would cost the City $750 million to finance a 3,000-ton per day WTE plant and capital funding, cost of operations and net of electricity sales for the plant would be approximate $109 million in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2016). It is assumed that the plant would be able to process 985, 500 tons of waste annually at a cost of $111 per ton if it operates all year round with 90 percent availability, (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This would save the City $59 for every ton sent to the new plant instead of being transported to landfill (Citizen Budget Commission,2016). Using this estimate, taxpayers would save approximately $119 million if the city diverts two million tons from landfill to WTE plant in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This would lead to a reduction in the cost for disposing MSW in the City from $526 million to $408 million, a 23 percent drop in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The diversion of two million tons of waste from landfills to WTE woul d not only save the city money but also reduce greenhouse gas emission (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Greenhouse gas emission due to this diversion is expected to decrease by 35 percent, which is equivalent to the reduction of carbon dioxide from 679,000 to 439,000 metric tons (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). A Full detail on recommendations for the city regarding WTE can be found in section 4.4. of this report 4.1.7. Conclusion The use of WTE facilities has proven to be one of the best ways of managing MSW. WTE helps lower greenhouse gases and provides energy and material recovery. WTE also help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels for electricity, which leads to the reduction of greenhouse gas. WTE would also help increase the recycling rate of the city. Building WTE plant within NYC might be a problem due to the misconceptions surrounding WTE facilities. When people hear WTE, they think back to the old incinerators that were used in the 20th century in NYC. Therefore, it is essential for New York City to develop programs that would educate New Yorkers about the benefit of having WTE in the city and the differences between modern incinerators and the incinerators from 20th century. WTE has more benefits for the city than any effect it might have on the environment. References An, J., Kim, J., Golestani, B., Tasneem, K. M., Al Muhit, B. A., Nam, B. H., Behzadan, A. H. (2014). Evaluating the use of waste-to-energy bottom ash as road construction materials. University of Central Florida: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering. Accessed: December 8, 2016: http://www.fdot.gov/research/completed_proj/summary_smo/fdot-bdk78-977-20-rpt.pdf Bernstein, F.A. (2004). Beauty in Garbage: Naka Incinerator Plant by Yoshio Taniguchi. Arch News Now. Accessed November 26. 2016: http://www.archnewsnow.com/features/Feature152.htm Chambers, T (2016). Interviewed by me. Facility manager of Covanta Huntington LP. Kings Park, NY. Citizens Budget Commission (2012). Taxes In, Garbage Out: The Need for Better Solid Waste Disposal Policies in New York City. Citizens Budget Commission New York. Accessed October 6, 2016: http://www.cbcny.org/sites/default/files/REPORT_SolidWaste_053312012.pdf Cohen, C., Martinez, H., and Schroder, A. (2015). Waste Management Practices in New York City, Hong Kong and Beijing. Columbia University. Accessed October 5, 2016: http://www.columbia.edu/~sc32/documents/ALEP%20Waste%20Managent%20FINAL.pdf Dunlap, D.W. (1989). Panel Votes Bill to Ban Incinerators. New York Times. Accessed November 28, 2016: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/23/nyregion/panel-votes-bill-to-ban-incinerators.html EIA (2016). Energy in Brief: How much U.S. electricity is generated from renewable energy. Energy Information Administration. Accessed December 6, 2016: https://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/article/renewable_electricity.cfm EPA (2016). Energy Recovery from Waste: Air Emissions from MSW Combustion Facilities. Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed December 8, 2016: https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/airem.html Harden, B. (2008). Japan Stanches Stench of Mass Incinerators. Washington Post. Accessed November 28, 2016: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/11/17/AR2008111702968.html Lam, C. H., Ip, A. W., Barford, J. P., and McKay, G. (2010). Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability, 2(7), 1943-1968. Pà ©rez-Villarejo, L., Eliche-Quesada, D., Iglesias-Godino, F. J., Martà ­nez-Garcà ­a, C., Corpas-Iglesias, F. A. (2012). Recycling of ash from biomass incinerator in clay matrix to produce ceramic bricks. Journal of environmental management, 95, S349-S354. Psomopoulos, C. S., Bourka, A., Themelis, N. J. (2009). Waste-to-energy: A review of the status and benefits in USA. Waste management, 29(5), 1718-1724. Rizzo, C., Plum, M.K. (2012). Waste-to -Energy Facilities in New York City: Challenges and Opportunities. Accessed October 2, 2016: http://www.clm.com/publication.cfm?ID=370 Sylvan, D. (2011). Municipal Solid Waste in New York City: An Economic and Environmental Analysis of Disposal Options. New York League of Conservation Voters Education Fund (NYLCVEF). Accessed October 6, 2016: http://nylcvef.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solid-Waste-Background-Paper.pdf Szendro, B. (2015). New York City Makes Small Improvement in Recycling Rate: Despite improvements, Department of Sanitation falls short of its goal. New York League of Conservation Voters (NYLCV). Accessed November 15, 2016: http://nylcv.org/news/new-york-city-makes-small-improvement-in-recycling-rates Walsh, D. C., Chillrud, S. N., Simpson, H. J., Bopp, R. F. (2001). Refuse incinerator particulate emissions and combustion residues for New York City during the 20th century. Environmental science technology, 35(12), 2441-2447 Walsh, D. C. (2002). Peer Reviewed: The Evolution of Refuse Incineration. Environmental science technology, 36(15), 316A-322A. WastedNYC (2015). History of Incineration in New York City. WastedNYC. Accessed November 28, 2016: https://wastednyc.wordpress.com/local-incineration/incinerators-in-inwood/

John Di Pippo :: English Literature Essays

John Di Pippo My name is John Di pippo and I'm 18 years old. I weight 153 pounds, and I'm about 6 foot. I have short brown hair, and my eye's are hazel. I see myself as an emotionally strong person. I usually never get worked up about things or overreact in most situations. I'm calm and mellow and don't let my worries get to me. One down side of me being like this is that it makes me lazy. I have a bad habit in just letting things go, and doing stuff the last minute or not doing it at all. Another one of my weaknesses is that I'm very shy around people I don't really know. I'm also quiet around people I don't know which makes me seem opposite of the way my personality really is. My sisters are the only real close family I have. My parents died when I was very young and my uncle was my legal guardian. I wasn't really close to aunt, uncle and cousins so I never felt comfortable. My sisters and I always felt like it was never our home and in a way it was true because it wasn't. When my sisters both turned 18 we moved out and got our own apartment. Most of the time we always got along, and I understood that I had to take of myself more then most kids would have to at my age. I learned to be a lot more responsible about many things. I lived with both of my sisters, Roseann and Stacy, for about 5 years, and Then stacey got married right after she graduated Iona. She now lives with her husband, Vinny, and has a daughter with another one on the way. To this day I still live with my older sister Roseann. I also have some aunts, uncles, and cousins that we still keep in touch with on birthdays and holidays. The schools I went to were, Jefferson Elemenatry School, Issac Young Middle School, and New Rochelle High School. It's hard to remember much from elementary school but what I do remember is when my parents died they left me back in 2nd grade. Other then that my elementary school days were okay from what I remember. I had a good amount of friends and usually stayed out of trouble. I still hang out with some people who I went to school with back then.

Do Childrens Feet Grow with Age Essay

Newman (2011:35) states ‘older kids have bigger feet’. This experiment will explore through an investigation whether childrens shoe sizes do get bigger as they get older. In order for this to be proven, data needs to be collencted, this will be done so by going into a local school and verbally asking pupils and their parents what shoe size they take. The main objective of this experiment if to find out if the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine whether childrens shoe sizes get bigger as they get older. The hypothesis will be tested by completing an experiment, then by examining the results it will be seen whether the hypothesis was right or wrong. Hypothesis – As children get older their shoe size increases Null Hypothesis – As children get older their shoe size does not increase. Method It was decided to collect the data in form of a simple table. This was decided because only certain information was needed about an age and shoe size, therefore a questionnaire would not be suitable. Also, considering the investigation was mainly aimed at children, the table was the simplest way to collect the data. It was decided to ask the parents of the younger children what their shoe size was as it was assumed most younger children would not know their shoe size. Design and Materials The type of study completed is one which gives an outcome of qualitative data. Furthermore, this can then be shown to be ‘continuous data’, where the data can fall anywhere over a certain range and the scale is only restricted by the accuracy of measuring, in this circumstance, measuring children’s shoe sizes (Mathematics Enhancement programme 2000).

Reincarnation essays

Reincarnation essays One is floating down the river, the other is wandering aimlessly along the streets of New York. One has conflicts with the racism of the south, the other has trouble keeping the innocence of this world. One has a slave to keep him company, the other has his little sister. No matter how you look at it, Holden Caulfield and Huckleberry Finn have lead very similar lives and have dealt with similar issues. They each have conflicts within themselves while battling society on the outside. But most importantly, both of them have dealt with loneliness, wandering in this world, and the complexities of a deformed conscience. In Huck Finn, Huck has a very hard time dealing with loneliness, sometimes to the point of suicide. Hes never really had a family of his own. All Huck has ever had was an abusive alcoholic of a father or a widow foster mom who kept on trying to sivilize him. Also, when he is on the river, after escaping from Pap and his broken home, he feels incredibly alone. Just as Huck feels alone in this world, so does Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye. After leaving Pencey, Holden wanders through New York alone looking for some comfort, any comfort. He wants to know that there is still the slightest bit of innocence in the world around him. Holden wants to stop this depressing feeling in his head. I wasnt sleepy or anything, but I was feeling sort of lousy. Depressed and all. I almost wished I was dead (90). So in the same way Huck feels alone in an anti-black world, Holden feels alone in a very unclean world. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden has a very deformed way of thinking. Although only 16 at the time of the story, he lies about his age to buy cigarettes and alcohol. He is also an abuser of both these drugs. Along with being an underage drinker and smoker, Holden puts himself in dangerous, compromising positions constantly. These dangerous adventures include prostitutes, a pros...

How Technology Is Changing the Health Care Field

How Technology Is Changing the Health Care Field New to Health Care What do you already know about technology in health care? Over the centuries, technology in health care has modified the face of healthcare. The health sector has at all times merged the best and cleverest in communities to assist those requiring medical attention. From curing cancer and handling heart diseases to delivering babies, health care providers have developed technology and advanced practices.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on How Technology Is Changing the Health Care Field specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The challenges that modern doctors encounter encompass a conked out medical system and unyielding insurance firms. However, doctors have been able to deal with these challenges to offer first-rate patient care and triumphant new practices. With the improvement of biomedical research, doctors will be better placed in dealing with medical issues in a cost-effective manner. There are diff erent technologies in health care that are transforming the health sector. Some of these technologies include electronic medical records (EMR), evidence-based guidelines and population science just to mention a few (Williams, Boren, 2008, pp. 139-140). This paper will focus on electronic medical records as a technology in health care with the use of an article applicable in this field and that addresses the topic on electronic medical records. Why did you choose this article? I chose this article as it is a thorough account of the real execution of an EMR system in healthcare. Non-technological and available, this article provides contemporary, innovative study in a rising field thus turning out to be a vital reading for everyone engaged in executing technology in health care. This entails doctors, managers and all stakeholders that require gaining from earlier experience. Moreover, this article is critical for information technology execution teams in addition to providers of info rmation technology in health care. Summarize the article The majority of nations in the United Kingdom and America are progressively making use of electronic medical records to assist in the improvement of the quality of health care. Unluckily, many developing countries encounter different challenges, varying from outbreaks and civil wars to catastrophes. In addition, lack of a robust health care infrastructure in the manner of information and communications technology (ICT) fail to guarantee continuity of the health of patients that the majority of researches deem a lifesaving resource. The aim of this article is to study the gains of electronic medical records and its involvement to the improvement of healthcare provision in developing countries (Williams, Boren, 2008, pp. 141-142). The method employed in this article is searching from sites like PubMed and MEDLINE just to mention a few. Other measures were that researches must associate with significance and challenges of electr onic medical records system and paper-based medical records.Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another inclusion criterion was the development and execution of an electronic medical record system in developing countries or the influence on provision of health care in developing countries.  On the results section, twenty-three articles were selected as having certified the qualification criteria. The selected articles were classified into five sections: benefits of electronic medical records, challenges, transition from paper-based to electronic medical records, electronic medical records in developing countries and pilot projects. Moreover, nine articles were rejected as three were not written in English while six were researches on electronic medical records in developed countries. As conclusion of the article, the potential of electronic medical records system to revolutionize the provision of healthcare has been identified in the last decades, comprising the improvement of medical care and facilitation of judgment making practices. Some of the advantages of electronic medical records system encompass faultless medication records, comprehensible messages and prescriptions and instantly accessible charts (Williams, Boren, 2008, pp. 144-145). Irrespective of the hardships that developing countries encounter (for instance, shortage of human capital and monetary resources), the majority of researches have indicated the feasibility of support from developed countries to design and execute an electronic medical record system that suits this environment. How do you think this technology will change health care? Electronic medical records assist in the reduction of medical errors. For instance, a number of clinical information systems have the capacity to check suitability of medication and drug doses thus eradicating the requirement for doctors to indicate orders by writing to the patients. Additionally, electronic medical records will also raise the effectiveness of the work flow of health care givers. With the aid of electronic medical records, data in the hospital information system will help in referring a patient to a specialist, researchers, doctors and other stakeholders to obtain information from the aforementioned information system to safeguard and enhance the wellbeing of the population through effective scrutiny, assessment, prevention and control of contagious illnesses. Moreover, electronic medical records will present health care givers with the chance to be apace of patient health condition (Williams, Boren, 2008, pp. 141-143). For example, through the creation of shortcuts to warning concerning atypical lab findings, prescription and drug management, doctors have the capacity to offer feedback to patients instantly devoid of any hardships.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on How Tech nology Is Changing the Health Care Field specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More List and define three to five terms from the article you were unfamiliar with Medical errors- preventable undesirable outcomes of care that could encompass incorrect diagnosis, wrong treatment and infection just to mention a few Clinical information systems- computerized systems that manage, store and verify every medical information Hospital information system- an all-inclusive, incorporated information system planed to handle the medical, administrative, monetary and legal features of a hospital as well as its service dispensation Reference Williams, F., Boren, S. A. (2008). The role of the electronic medical record (EMR) in care delivery development in developing countries: a systematic review. Informatics in primary care, 16(2), 139-145.

Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essays

Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essays Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essay Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essay The aim of this coursework is to discover how much the 5 pence minimum charge (to quote BT: the minimum charge for each call remains at 5p inclusive of VAT) on local calls increases the cost of making local calls. This information would then be used to ascertain whether moving to a telephone operator without a minimum fee would be a good idea. If moving would save money, then it would be worth doing. Certainly, looking over the current bill, it seems like there are many calls less than 5 minutes (as local rates are 1 pence per minute during the evening and weekend and the phone is always switched off during the daytime). Data Collection The population is the entirety of local calls made during 3-month period. This population is formed because of the procession of only one itemised bill, which happens to be from 1st of November to the 1st of February. The current telephone operator is BT. This bill (i.e. the population) lists 886 calls, with a total duration of 30 hours, 38 minutes and 57 seconds. The complete cost for this period is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50.30 (to the nearest 2 d.p., before VAT). The population is continuous because time can be given to any number of decimal places. The data is surly as accurate as it is possible to be only untraceable computer bugs could explain inaccuracies. As computer problems are unlikely for a large multi-national firm, such as BT, we can consider the data within the population to be reliable and good quality. A sample method appropriate here could be random sampling. An example of this might be labelling 886 pieces of paper, throwing them into a hat and selecting 50. Also, a computer could be used to select 50 random integer numbers in the range of 0 and 887. Such a random method would however give no indication of whether the duration of calls remained constant over time. Random sampling may allow a certain cluster of calls to dominate the general trend. Stratified sampling would not be appropriate for the investigation because we want to find out the number of 5-minute calls, not just select a certain number of them. This sampling method would be useful for a sub-investigation, for example to see how much effect the over 5-minute calls make to the charging by only selecting the over 5-minute calls and assessing their magnitude. Another way of sampling would be to select every x call, where x is the result of 886/50 rounded down to the nearest whole integer. This would mean recording the call duration for every 17th call (because 886/50 = 17.72). This will generate more that 50 samples, however, 50 is a minimum not a maximum. As the data is probably accurate, there cannot be any outliners. Please note: a computer maths or spreadsheet package has not been used in the preparation of this report. Thus, the data collected is given bellow (and then sorted by hand): Call duration in seconds Cell duration in seconds (sorted) 53 10 50 11 10 20 120 31 413 33 45 33 274 34 99 35 48 35 50 35 100 35 53 35 54 36 42 36 44 37 11 38 108 38 36 38 38 39 54 41 47 41 41 42 54 42 35 42 47 44 50 45 269 45 42 47 35 47 55 48 35 50 227 50 35 50 33 53 36 53 39 54 170 54 35 54 1077 55 38 57 31 99 33 100 45 107 1266 108 34 120 107 170 20 227 57 269 38 274 37 413 42 1077 41 1266 Table 1 raw data and raw data sorted Analysis Mean A mean gives some idea of central tendency (the average call duration). It will however, be affected by the extreme values 413, 1077 and 1266. Therefore, it seems appropriate to measure the mean with and without the 3 values. With the 3 values (done using a calculator, to 2 d.p.): ==112.56 seconds or 1 minute 52.56 seconds Clearly, this answer is higher than most of the times, so not particularly representative. With out the 3 values (done using a calculator, to 2 d.p. ): ==63.2 seconds or 1 minute 3.2 seconds. The second answer seems more representative, but still does not take account of the majority of the times. Mode The mode is another measure of central tendency that gives the most frequent call duration. The mode is clearly 35 seconds (because this call duration is the most frequent, being repeated 5 times). From a visual inspection, this time seems to give quite a good indication of central tendency as most of the time seem to fall within the 9 t (seconds) 61 range. Median Another measure of central tendency is the median, which may be numerically calculated or read off a calmative frequency graph. As the later is not necessary accurate because hand drawn, the numerical method will be used. The median gives the middle number, and as such is not affected by the extreme numbers. It does not however, take account of the actual values of the call durations. Hopefully, it should give some idea as to the average of the data. To calculate the median, the numbers must each be assigned a rank. The median is the mean of the duration assigned to the 26th and 27th rank (because 52/2 =26 and (52/2)+1=27 and n is even). The ranks, which were assigned manually to the data, are given in the table below: Ranks Cell duration in seconds (sorted) 1 10 2 11 3 20 4 31 5 33 6 33 7 34 8 35 9 35 10 35 11 35 12 35 13 36 14 36 15 37 16 38 17 38 18 38 19 39 20 41 21 41 22 42 23 42 24 42 25 44 26 45 27 45 28 47 29 47 30 48 31 50 32 50 33 50 34 53 35 53 36 54 37 54 38 54 39 55 40 57 41 99 42 100 43 107 44 108 45 120 46 170 47 227 48 269 49 274 50 413 51 1077 52 1266 Table 2 raw data sorted and ranked (by hand) The 26th and 27th values are both 45 seconds. Therefore, the median is 45 seconds ((45+45)/2=45). From visual inspection, this does seem to represent all but the extreme values, however, the mode seems to give the best measure of central tendency. Ranges The range is 10 1266 (=1256). If the finial 3 values were removed, the range would be 10 284. This shows that the 3 values do have an extreme affect upon the calculations that take them into account. The inter-quartile range would give a better measure of spread, as it would avoid the extreme values. The median of the median of the whole data set and the lower bound is the lower quartile, whilst the median of the median of the whole data and the upper bound is the upper quartile. Lower quartile The 13th value is 36, as is the 14th. So, the lower quartile is 36 seconds. Upper quartile The 39th value is 55, and the 40th is 57. the upper quartile is 56 seconds. Thus, the inter-quartile range is 56-36 or 20 seconds. This tells us that the middle half of the sample is with a 20 second range. Since half of 52 is 26, we know that the 26 of the sample falls within the 20 seconds of each other. Thus, we can deduce that the median is a good measure of central tendency. Calculating the midrange would not be applicable, as the extreme values would have too significant an affect on the result. Standard deviation The standard deviation measures average (not accurate because of squaring and square-rooting, so called standard) deviation from the mean. As 2/3s of the data lie within the standard deviation, perhaps it will be a good measure of spread and central tendency. The standard deviation will help tell us whether 2/3rd of the data is within 5 minutes, and if so it may be worth changing the operator. The formula used is: . The squared call durations are given bellow (these squares were calculated by using a calculator). Call duration in seconds Cell duration in seconds (squared) 10 100 11 121 20 400 31 961 33 1089 33 1089 34 1156 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 36 1296 36 1296 37 1369 38 1444 38 1444 38 1444 39 1521 41 1681 41 1681 42 1764 42 1764 42 1764 44 1936 45 2025 45 2025 47 2209 47 2209 48 2304 50 2500 50 2500 50 2500 53 2809 53 2809 54 2916 54 2916 54 2916 55 3025 57 3249 99 9801 100 10000 107 11449 108 11664 120 14400 170 28900 227 51529 269 72361 274 75076 413 170569 1077 1159929 1266 1602756 Table 3 call durations sorted and squared (using a calculator) (calculated using un-rounded values, and checked using the statistical function of the calculator.) Therefore, 2/3rd of the call durations lie within 224.89 seconds. 224.89 seconds is 3 minutes 44.89 seconds, showing that 2/3rds of the call durations lie within 5 minutes of the mean. This strongly indicates that changing operator would be beneficial. Number of call durations less than 5 minutes Another useful calculation would be to calculate how many of the call durations fall below 5 minutes (300 seconds). If we consider the sample reasonably representative then we can say that the ratio of under 5 minute to over 5 minute calls is 49:3. If the sample is representative, then this means there is a very high number of calls bellow 5 minutes. Displays Box and whisker diagram A good was of summarising some of the calculations above would be a box and whisker diagram. This is figure 1. Frequency polygon A frequency polygon is an appropriate method of discovering the shape of the distribution (see figure 2 and sheet F2). Please note that the last 3 call lengths were not included, as this would have adversely affected the scale and not given a meaningful display. Figure 2 shows a slight positive skew. There is a tight distribution about 20-60 seconds. After 60 seconds, there are occasional calls lengths. Cumulative frequency diagram Suspecting a tight distribution, a cumulative frequency diagram was created (the straighter the S shape, the tighter the distribution about the median). A cumulative frequency diagram gives better results if the data is spread evenly throughout the intervals; this appears to be the case. Cumulative frequency is calculated as a running total of all frequencies. The bounds are 10, allowing for the fact that the data is widespread. As the data is integer, the bounds are inclusive. Bounds Cell duration in seconds (sorted) Cumulative frequency 0-9 0 0 10-19 2 2 20-29 1 3 30-39 16 19 40-49 11 30 50-59 10 40 60-69 0 40 70-79 0 40 80-89 0 40 90-99 1 41 100-109 3 44 110-119 0 44 120-129 1 45 130-139 0 45 140-149 0 45 150-159 0 45 160-169 0 45 170-179 1 46 180-189 0 46 190-199 0 46 200-209 0 46 210-219 0 46 220-229 1 47 230-239 0 47 240-249 0 47 250-259 0 47 260-269 1 48 270-279 1 49 Table 4 cumulative frequency of call durations. The cumulative frequency graph shows that there is a tight S shape, indicating a tight concentration of values around the median. This confirms the calculations made above (i.e. the inter-quartile range). The top of the S shape is particularly long and straight, indicating widespread but infrequent data past the upper quartile (56 seconds). Interpretation It has been discovered that there is a large concentration of call durations bellow 5 minutes, indicating that moving to a different operator may be advised, although increased pence per minute increase from such a move may negate any benefit. With 49 of the 52 calls less than 5 minutes, the mean, mode, median, standard deviation and quartiles falling less that 5 minutes, it is clear that most calls are much less than 5 minutes duration, according to the sample. The positive skew also supports this point, by showing that calls tend towards lower than 5 minute call durations. It has also been discovered that the 3 calls above 5 minutes are considerably above five minutes. This indicates the pence per minute increase problem outlined above. Therefore, it has been shown that (provided the sample is representative) if call charges are not increased and the 5 pence minimum dropped, moving to another call operator would be sensible. The data of the population is of good quality, as indicated in the introductory paragraphs. The data is very accurate as a computer calculated it automatically and the sample hand gathered 3 times (to insure there was no errors in gathering the sample). The extreme values were therefore verified 2 times. In terms of validation, none of data should (or was) negative. This was manually checked for after sample collection. It certainly appears that the data was worth collecting as it has shown a high biased towards 5-minute call durations. Even if the data had not shown this, it would have told us that changing to another operator might not be such a good idea. With there being only 3 calls over 5 minutes, these 3 calls probably are not representative of the over 5 minute calls in the population. If it can be shown that many of the over 5 minute calls in the sample are considerably over 5 minutes. This could be a problem if there are pence per minute increases with a new non-5-minute-minimum-charge operator: the effect of the increase may negate the effects of the lack of a 5 minute minimum charge. Accuracy and refinements The sample only represents 5.9% (, to 1 d.p.) of the population. Thus, how representative the sample is of the population is questionable, especially as only 3 of the sample were over 5 minutes in duration. Using a telephone can often result in somewhat fixed patterns of calling, thus using a systemic method of data gathering maybe influenced unduly by these routines. When gathering data by eye from a long list of numbers that are similar in appearance (as in this case) may be particularly error prone. Accuracy in long calculations such as standard deviation may not be wholly accurate despite repeating the calculations 2 times and using the calculator as further backup. The impact of other call types, such as national and international has not been assessed; a change in operator may adversely affect these rates. A greater sample and/or population size could improve reliability of the analysis as the sample gathered may be more representative. A greater population could be found by collecting different quarterly bills. A greater sample size could be derived from changing the number of call durations to skip to a number less than 17. To gain a more representative sample of over 5 minute calls, it would be acceptable to carryout a sub investigation on a sample of over 5 minute calls (i.e. a sample of the population of over 5 minute calls). This would help us discover how much of an effect call charges would have on the bill. If all the whole population could be gathered, say by optical character recognition technology, then a computer statistics package could be used to calculate and graph the data. This would eliminate any problems associated with sampling but would be costly, if the hardware and software required was not easily accessible. Also, optical character recognition is not 100% accurate, so the data would have to checked by had a long uncomfortable occupation. There exist more advanced methods of calculating various statistics, and could be utilised to give greater, more refined, insight. An example might be calculating the skew or kurtosis numerically. Another possibility of determining the number of under 5 minute calls would be to manually count the number of over 5 minute calls in the whole population and subtract that number from 886 (the total number of local rate telephone calls). This would give an accurate proportion of under 5 minute calls, but would not give their nature (e.g. how close to the 5 minute barrier are they). Other graphs or charts could be drawn to give further insight into the data set. An example might be a pie-chart showing proportion of over and under 5 minute calls of the sample. A different method of sampling could be employed to avoid the routine problem that a systemic method carries or an unrepresentative problem that a random method carries. Perhaps a mixture of the two could be employed to generate a higher quality sample. This could be that the number of call durations missed before collecting another could be randomly generated using the random number facility on a calculator. Moving a piece of paper or ruler already marked) and can help to ensure that durations are indeed 17 call durations apart (by sight). As a change in operator may affect all charge rates, the affect upon the cost of national and international calls should be assessed or else savings from the removal of the 5 pence minimum charge could be negated and the new operator forsaken (and it may in fact cost to return to BT). There are in fact only 5 international calls, totalling 1 hour 4 minutes in duration and costing a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.77. With such a small population, statistical analysis in not advised. Merely cost comparing the call charges with other operators should be sufficient. In addition it should be remarked that the cost for the international calls is quite low and would probably not negate a saving made from removing the 5-minute minimum charge. This is especially true as many non-BT operators are constantly advertising their low international rates. There are 57 national calls, of which total duration is 2 hours and 17 minutes, and costing a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.48. With such a small charge, it hardly seems worth investigating. It would be possible to see how much the same call time (2 hours and 17 minutes) would cost with another operator. It might be advised as a further extension to the investigation, to find out (of the sample data) how many extra minutes are actually charged for because of the 5-minute minimum charge. This would help discover how much one would save when moving to a new operator. In conclusion, it seems that several statements can be made: o The sample is fairly accurate (with the population being as accurate as possible), but could be improved in terms of representation. o The cost of over five minute local calls, national and international calls should be calculated against any increase in charges of another operator to ensure that the increases effect does not take away the effect of removing the 5 minute minimum charge. o Most local rate calls are less than five minutes in duration, but it is possible that some of the over 5 minute calls are particularly long in duration.

Connecting ISLLC Standards to Educational Practices Assignment

Connecting ISLLC Standards to Educational Practices - Assignment Example These parties might encompass parents, teachers or teaching staff, community members and, most importantly, students. Specially mentioning, the aforesaid attributes and standard alignments assist the school administrators or school leaders in acquiring a greater knowledge and better understanding of certain decisive aspects. These aspects may include promoting growth and development of the students, developing an effective curriculum design, determining evaluation approaches, measurement along with assessment strategies, developing school culture and recognizing the role played by technology in fostering students’ professional growth and learning (School Administration Publishing, LLC, 2013). 2. Compare How the Other Leadership Standard You Identified Aligns (Or Does Not Align) to the ISLLC Standard You Chose for One Attribute Apart from the above leadership standards, the other dissimilar sorts of leadership standards that can be recognized within the circumstance of school s ettings are relationship building, comprehending and managing changes, and possessing an explicit moral purpose. Moreover, the other leadership standards include knowledge creation and sharing, coherence building along, and ascertaining an effective alignment of structures (Ingvarson, Anderson, Gronn, & Jackson, 2006). After acquiring a brief idea about the aforesaid leadership standards, it can be affirmed from a broader outlook that these standards largely align to the ISLLC standard which has been chosen for one particular attribute, i.e., promoting the success of students through offering them utmost growth and development. The alignment would be made possible through providing significant knowledge to the students, enhancing their overall learning performances and, most vitally,... Moreover, the other leadership standards include knowledge creation and sharing, coherence building along, and ascertaining an effective alignment of structures (Ingvarson, Anderson, Gronn, & Jackson, 2006). After acquiring a brief idea about the aforesaid leadership standards, it can be affirmed from a broader outlook that these standards largely align to the ISLLC standard which has been chosen for one particular attribute, i.e., promoting the success of students through offering them utmost growth and development. The alignment would be made possible through providing significant knowledge to the students, enhancing their overall learning performances and, most vitally, developing their individual capabilities or skills. It is strongly believed that the above recognized leadership standards would align in a broader manner to one of the ISLLC standards concerning fostering the success of every individual student as these standards possess the capability of acquiring significant kno wledge and understanding of various vital aspects. Similarly, these vital aspects include determination of the operational procedures, issues and the principles linked with school safety, mitigation of any legal issue impacting school related operations, and execution of advanced technologies that assist in a smooth conduct of various management functions.

India as an Emerging Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

India as an Emerging Market - Essay Example This essay provides a comprehensive economic analysis of economic position of Indian economy in the world, with evaluation of economic outlook for the economy, based on the results of the research. An emerging market economy can be defined as that market economy which is growing from a small economy towards the level of advanced world economies. All middle and low income countries were previously considered to be emerging on the basis of per capita income; where in low capita income levels indicated poor exports while high per capita income levels reflect strong exports. However, this notion has since changed with time, mainly because emerging markets are not as poor performers. This is because currently emerging markets are said to be the driving force of world economy; it is approximated that 80% of the world economic growth has been as a contribution of emerging markets Emerging markets have become the owners of the majority of the world’s natural resources (minerals, oil); they have also contributed greatly to the rising share of global trade and investment. Ultimately, the companies found in these markets have become leaders globally in almost all sectors (technology, food and beverages). India is so far one of the most compelling targets for investment; it was ranked eleventh in terms of GDP in 2010. GDP being the economic measure of a market reflects that India is doing well as an emerging market.. This growth has been actualized by rising income levels, infrastructure development and a business friendly government.

Research -week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research -week 6 - Essay Example The research study that I participated in online is central to addressing the question ‘how personality and emotions are related to the way people deal with situations of everyday life?’ Keeping that in mind the study examines, through the use of a series of online questionnaires, the personality, emotional disposition and individual choices. The questionnaire used a rating scale that was provided to get an indication of how accurately the participant though each statement described him. There were five possible responses to each statement from ‘very inaccurate’ (number1) to ‘very accurate’ (number 5). Example of some of the research questions was: ‘I feel comfortable around people’, ‘I have a vivid imagination’, ‘I get upset easily’ etc. The online survey highlights the fact that by participating in the research complete anonymity as the questions asked do not require identifying information. Also entering the survey will be equal to giving consent so that the information provided can be used by the researcher in his study. These two measures effectively eliminate the chances of any ethical implications compromising the validity of the research. There are many advantages of conducting the research survey online. Some of these are the ability of the researcher to obtain a large and diverse sample which increases statistical power. Also it prevents data entry errors as data is automatically coded. Lastly it reduces the cost of conducting the research. Some disadvantages are some subjects might rush through the study, it might be difficult to recruit subjects online and lastly there is also a high chance that most participants might drop out from the study or exit the survey before completing it. (Psychwiki) I do not believe an online survey is the way to gather information on my research topic of juvenile delinquency mostly because it requires the participants to be of a specific type whereas online surveys are mostly effective for a randomized diverse large sample. References: Elizabeth Austin (20110. Personality, emotions, and making choices. University of Edinburgh. Survey link: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=0lO5XPOkxGqPx68WUvVRIg%3d%3d Psychwiki. Internet research. Retrieved from: http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/What_are_the_advantages/disadvantages_of_doing_internet_research%3F Research Design week 6 Assignment 2 The survey aiming to analyze the meaning of sex in a relationship by asking several intimate questions would make confidentiality of critical importance for a participant. This would be a key ethical issue for the researchers, the sole importance of which can simply be realized when you look at the discomfort and unwillingness to share the answers with a third party (the professor) here for instance. By mixing the asked questions with random one’s might be an adoption to divert the participant’s attention for a while or perhaps s imply to make sure that one does not simply fill away at answers at random. This being one of the cons of conducting an online study that can be countered by simply asking questions that are linked to each other or are repeated to check the level of attention paid by the participant. The pros of an online survey might be relevant in gaining information on parents feedback in regard to their child’s ADHD. However to gain a further advantage interviews might be a lot more helpful to gouge the body language and responses by

Successive governments have sought to alter the meaning of ministerial Essay

Successive governments have sought to alter the meaning of ministerial responsibility by emphasising the distinction between a ministers role in creating policy - Essay Example The responsibility of Scottish Ministers: whilst planning decisions are above all an issue for local establishments, these Scottish Ministers can get involved by calling in every aspect, for their individual fortitude. To recognize applications appropriate for call in, a warning scheme is in position. This affirms that, prior to a scheduling authority, they can award permission for certain grouping of expansion, and they have got to inform the Scottish Ministers. Formerly, there were several kinds of expansions. These incorporated expansion which required ecological impact estimation, noteworthy exodus from the progress plan, enormous business and commerce growth, main retail developments in addition to development within the green strap (J, 2002). The character of policy along with policy making is diverse within the Whitehall as well as the Westminster. It is fundamentally expressive of the progression and makes no effort to bypass any decision, on whether the existing preparations are effectual in distributing the purpose of policy making or not. It is supported on the familiarity of the authors as well as information derivative from other Constitution Unit projects, reversed up by more than 19 interviews with the past Ministers in addition to equally ex- as well as existing civil servants along with counselors. Although the partitions can in standard be strained amid policy formation, the expansion as well as the delivery, these kinds of differences are hardly ever drawn in observance as well as are somewhat synthetic. The Policy is gradually more seen as concerning an incessant loop, with acknowledgment that a strapping focus on relief is essential if the policies are to be triumphant on the floor. There is no significant dissimilarity, apart from within very restricted state of affairs, amid the strategy of individual Ministers as well as Departments in addition to the policy of the

Insurance in the GCC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Insurance in the GCC - Research Paper Example Although economic growth in this region is very high, the insurance sector has fallen behind drastically. According to him, the opportunities for different local and international insurance company are very high, which will be accounted for increased competition, and also a challenging business environment (Ashcroft, 2013). There is also an expectation that the region’s insurance sector will also mature structurally in way of going forwards. Apart from this, in line with positive regulatory developments, there are constant efforts by some of the key insurance players towards achieving greater operational scale and functional efficiency. These companies want to take the first mover advantage. There are huge amount of opportunity in the GCC Insurance sector with the bigger organizations in the insurance market getting more and larger in terms of operational volume as well as the penetration in different parts of the world, and in that way leading to the marginalization of smalle r companies. The GCC Insurance Industry Outlook: With the untapped open market in place many leading insurance sectors are now looking forward for setting up their business unit in GCC. The opportunity of untapped market is huge and therefore every organization is looking for taking the â€Å"first mover advantage†. According to the report published by Alpen Capital (2013), the projective growth rate of the insurance industry in the Gulf region is 18.1% (CAGR) between the time periods of 2012-2017. According to their estimation the market value of the insurance industry in the gulf region will reach up to us $ 37.5 billion. Out of this, the life insurance segment will contribute US $ 2.4 billion and non life will account for US $ 35.1 billion. The growth in the non life part is more due to strong impetus of construction and infrastructure industries. An enormous portion of oil revenues in the GCC countries is being moved to the development of the non-oil segment in order to s upport the economic diversification of the sector. As a result, there is strong momentum in the construction sector. This momentum will help the region’s non-life insurance segment. Moreover, higher infiltrations of medical insurance and constant growth in the new vehicle sales are also likely to help the growth in the motor insurance sector which in turn will aid the segment’s growth. The rate of insurance penetration in GCC is also likely to go up from 1.1% in 2012 to 2% by the end of 2017. The industry growth rate is comfortably exceeds the pace of GDP expansion in this sector, Non-life insurance growth in the line of increasing infrastructure development and more vehicle sales, is likely to surge from 0.9% to 1.9% during the period, and will be the key behind the growth of this sector in the GCC region. UAE (United Arab Emirates) and Saudi Arabia are the two largest insurance market at present in GCC; the trend is such that there is every possibility that Saudi Ara bia may overtake the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as the largest insurance market in GCC with coming years. (Alpen Capital, 2013). Key Growth factor of Insurance Industry

Amendment Management Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Amendment Management Simulation - Essay Example Our goal is serving mouth-watering dishes of international food to customers within this area. The most inspired reason for choosing the name of the shop (Global Treats) is to emphasise the plentiful supplies of good food, which is offered to their customers. This new style of fast food will sell a variety of products and services ranging from appetizer, main course, salad, side dishes to dessert and drink, serving in both â€Å"takeaway† and â€Å"eat in†. The operational strategies approves that it is a potential plan to get profit and expand the market in the future. According to our researches, the shop was located in a good area with various public places. Therefore, encouraged by the growing demand for more choice of international food takeaway, combined with the home delivery service, Global Treats will be easy to get the advantage of the market demand and serve fresh, unique and delicious dishes to the local residents, workers, students and shopper in this area. The take away can cover and serve a 1.0 mile area in East Salford. On top of that, The total cost will be saved as much as good. Although Global Treats’s price may not lower than other rivals, we guarantee that it will not be higher while still maintaining the good quality of the products. Global Treats has received  £40,000 for opening the store, which was invested by all partners involved to the takeaway business. The manager team does not consider any loan as the project financial statement express that within three years, we are able to achieve our goal, the revenue projections for the next three years has been carefully calculated as below: We have the mission to offer a new experience of diversified global pizzas and treats from a variety of countries in the world emphasising superior quality of food and customer service through creative innovation and exclusivity. Global Treats aims to break even in the first year through providing an upright value to

Successive governments have sought to alter the meaning of ministerial Essay

Successive governments have sought to alter the meaning of ministerial responsibility by emphasising the distinction between a ministers role in creating policy - Essay Example The responsibility of Scottish Ministers: whilst planning decisions are above all an issue for local establishments, these Scottish Ministers can get involved by calling in every aspect, for their individual fortitude. To recognize applications appropriate for call in, a warning scheme is in position. This affirms that, prior to a scheduling authority, they can award permission for certain grouping of expansion, and they have got to inform the Scottish Ministers. Formerly, there were several kinds of expansions. These incorporated expansion which required ecological impact estimation, noteworthy exodus from the progress plan, enormous business and commerce growth, main retail developments in addition to development within the green strap (J, 2002). The character of policy along with policy making is diverse within the Whitehall as well as the Westminster. It is fundamentally expressive of the progression and makes no effort to bypass any decision, on whether the existing preparations are effectual in distributing the purpose of policy making or not. It is supported on the familiarity of the authors as well as information derivative from other Constitution Unit projects, reversed up by more than 19 interviews with the past Ministers in addition to equally ex- as well as existing civil servants along with counselors. Although the partitions can in standard be strained amid policy formation, the expansion as well as the delivery, these kinds of differences are hardly ever drawn in observance as well as are somewhat synthetic. The Policy is gradually more seen as concerning an incessant loop, with acknowledgment that a strapping focus on relief is essential if the policies are to be triumphant on the floor. There is no significant dissimilarity, apart from within very restricted state of affairs, amid the strategy of individual Ministers as well as Departments in addition to the policy of the

Amendment Management Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Amendment Management Simulation - Essay Example Our goal is serving mouth-watering dishes of international food to customers within this area. The most inspired reason for choosing the name of the shop (Global Treats) is to emphasise the plentiful supplies of good food, which is offered to their customers. This new style of fast food will sell a variety of products and services ranging from appetizer, main course, salad, side dishes to dessert and drink, serving in both â€Å"takeaway† and â€Å"eat in†. The operational strategies approves that it is a potential plan to get profit and expand the market in the future. According to our researches, the shop was located in a good area with various public places. Therefore, encouraged by the growing demand for more choice of international food takeaway, combined with the home delivery service, Global Treats will be easy to get the advantage of the market demand and serve fresh, unique and delicious dishes to the local residents, workers, students and shopper in this area. The take away can cover and serve a 1.0 mile area in East Salford. On top of that, The total cost will be saved as much as good. Although Global Treats’s price may not lower than other rivals, we guarantee that it will not be higher while still maintaining the good quality of the products. Global Treats has received  £40,000 for opening the store, which was invested by all partners involved to the takeaway business. The manager team does not consider any loan as the project financial statement express that within three years, we are able to achieve our goal, the revenue projections for the next three years has been carefully calculated as below: We have the mission to offer a new experience of diversified global pizzas and treats from a variety of countries in the world emphasising superior quality of food and customer service through creative innovation and exclusivity. Global Treats aims to break even in the first year through providing an upright value to

Grocery, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Grocery, Inc. Essay Grocery, Inc. is a retail grocery store chain based in Any State; U.S.A. Grocery has stores throughout the United States. Grocery has written contracts with many different vendors to purchase the products they sell in their stores. Vendors range from individuals to international corporations. Tom works as the produce manager for the store in My Town, U.S.A. Jeff, 17 years old, is spending his summer vacation working for Tom in the produce department. A.) Does Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) apply to the contracts between Grocery and its vendors? Do common law contracts apply? Explain, in detail, why or why not. Your answer should compare and contrast common law contracts and UCC Article 2 contracts. Yes Article 2 of the UCC does apply to the contracts between Grocery and their vendors. Article 2 applies to all contracts for the sale of goods (2-102). The code contains a somewhat complicated definition of goods (2-105); the most important thing to understand is that the term goods means tangible personal property. Article 2 does not apply to contracts for the sale of real estate or stocks and bonds and other intangibles. The drafters of the code also tried to promote fair dealing and higher standards of behavior in the marketplace. They attempted to do this in several ways in Article 2. The Code imposes a duty on everyone making agreements under the Code to act in good faith (1-203). The Code also imposes certain standards of quality on sellers of goods as a matter of law. Common law contracts would also apply to the Grocery and their vendors, due to the mixture of goods and services. Common law would apply to the service element that is predominant in the contract with regards to the delivery of the goods. (Barnes, J). The difference between Article 2 and common law is that if the contract is for the sale of goods then Article 2 would apply, if it is not then the principles of common law under contracts would apply. Article 2 reflects an attitude about contracts that is fundamentally  different from that of the common law. The Code is more concerned with rewarding peoples legitimate expectations than with technical rules, so it is generally more flexible than traditional contract law. A court that applies the Code is more likely to find the parties had a contract than a court that applies contract law (2-204). In some cases, the Code gives less weight to technical requirements such as consideration than is the case in contract law. (Barnes, J). B.) Grocery contracted with Masterpiece Construction to renovate the store on Main Street in My Town. Masterpiece, unable to complete the renovation within the six month time limit due to a sudden increase in jobs, sub-contracted the entire job to build them to fall. Grocery was unaware of the sub-contract. When Grocery realized (due to poor quality of work) that Build, not Masterpiece, was handling the renovation, Grocery petitioned the court for an injunction and then sued Masterpiece for breech of contract and specific performance. Masterpiece argued that it had a right to delegate the duties of the contract, or in the alternative, to discharge the contract due to commercial impracticability. Who wins? Explain your answer. Based on the information provided by Grocery would win the case based on breech of contract and specific performance. Under breech of contract, promissory must perform their contractual duties in the manner they have promised to perform them. Since Masterpiece did not perform the duties in the manner in which they promised they are liable for breech of contract. The courts recognize that there are three basic degrees of performance: complete or satisfactory performance, substantial performance, and material breech of contract. (Barnes, J). A contract consists of both rights and duties. A contracting party has the duty to perform his or her own promise and the right to receive the other partys promised performance. These rights and duties can usually be transferred to third persons. When rights under a contract are transferred, this is called assignment. The transfer of duties is called a delegation. Not all contracts are assignable  over the objection of the promissory. The promissory who delegates duties is still liable to the promise if the party to whom the duties were delegated fails to satisfactorily perform them. This would make Masterpiece liable for the quality of work that Build them to fall produced for Grocery. The only exception to this rule would have been if the parties had entered into a novation which is a new, separate agreement by the promisee to release the original promissory from liability in exchange for a third partys agreement to assume the promisors duties. As for Masterpieces claim that they had a right to delegate the duties to Build them to Fall under commercial impracticability they would have to show that unforeseen conditions would have caused a delay or inability to make delivery of the goods (make performance impracticable), then they would have been able to claim commercial impracticability. In the absence of compelling circumstances, the courts do not readily excuse parties from their contractual obligations, particularly where it is clear that the parties anticipated a problem and sought to provide for it in the contract. Since Masterpiece had contracted to perform the work for Grocery and then had a sudden increase in jobs this would not be considered compelling circumstances for sub-contracting the job to a company that would perform a poor quality of work. C.) At the end of the summer, Jeff had earned enough money to put a down payment on a car. He decided to continue working part time during school to earn money for the car payments. Jeff purchased a car from Steve at the local used car lot. Steve did not ask Jeff how old he was; but assumed he had reached the age of majority. Jeff paid the down payment and signed the contract stating that he would make payments of $200 each month. Six months later Jeff lost his job and could no longer make the payments. Jeff took the car back to Steve and said he wanted to cancel the contract and that he wanted his money back. What are the possible outcomes? Explain your answers. Jeff was a minor at the time of the contract. Therefore, Jeff is considered not to have the capacity to enter into contracts. Steve made the deal in good faith that Jeff was old enough to enter into the contract.  Unfortunately, the contract is voidable. Jeff was correct that he could disaffirm the contract. And upon the disaffirmance, Jeff had to return the vehicle to Steve. Even though the right to disaffirm a contract was meant to protect minors, some states have rejected that idea because that view creates a hardship on the adult involved. Under the case of Dodson v. Shrader, 824 W.2d 545 Tenn. Sup. Ct. 1992), Steve would be allowed to recover the depreciation of the vehicle from the monies that Jeff has paid. Especially considering the fact that Jeff has had the vehicle for six months or more. The states defer on the idea that the minor needs to be reimburse the innocent adult for dealing with the minor. However, many times minors can pass as adults at approximately 14 years of age and up. Minors also get fake IDs to get things like buying beer. Therefore, by allowing the minor to get away with not paying the debt he or she willing entered or lied to the adult to sign a contract, is not in the best interest of society to allow the minor not to suffer the consequences. Therefore, holding the minor responsible for his or her actions is one way for the minor to learn responsibility. D.) Grocery has a written contract with Cereal, Inc. to purchase 20 cases of cereal per month at $22 per case. The contract does not state the types of cereal or how the 20 cases will be divided up between Grocerys 20 stores in Any State. After a flood, Cereal suffers severe water damage in its warehouse. With the exception of Soggy Flakes, Cereal does not have enough undamaged cereal to comply with its Grocery contract. On the day delivery was due, Grocery receives 10 cases of Soggy Flakes at the three stores located in My Town and two stores in Your Town. Twelve days before delivery was due, Grocery had requested, by facsimile, that 15 cases containing a variety of cereals be delivered to the five stores listed above with the remaining five cases going to Grocerys warehouse in Corp Town. Grocery wants to reject the shipments of Soggy Flakes and cancel its contract with Cereal. Discuss Grocerys rights under contract law. Cereal argues that based on the gap-filling rule, it had the right to modify the terms of the  contract. Analyze the gap filling provisions of UCC Article 2 as they pertain to the terms of this contract. What rights and/or defenses, if any, does Cereal have under contract law? Analyze the remedies available to Grocery and/or Cereal. Explain all answers in detail. Grocery has the right to reject the shipment. Grocery has to notify Cereal that the shipment was not adequate and is being rejected pursuant to Article 2-602. The notice must be accomplished within a reasonable time and preferably in writing [Article 2-602]. Grocery has the right to reject the shipment and cancel the contract.. However, Cereal must notify Grocery that due to unforeseeable circumstances, the shipment will consist of Soggy Flakes and only ten cases of cereal will be delivered. Cereal must notify Grocery that Cereal intends to replace the shipment within a reasonable time (gap-filling rule). However, under the circumstances, Cereal may not know how long Cereal may be without the correct product. Furthermore, Cereal needs to decide what it wants Grocery to do with the product (whether to sell the product, destroy the product, or store the product for later pick-up). Grocery does not have to pay for return shipment. If Grocery feels that Cereal cannot meet the obligations incurred, Grocery can demand an assurance that the contract will be performed. If the assurance is not forthcoming within 30 days, then Grocery can repudiate the contract [Section 2-609]. If Grocery later decides the Cereal can meet the terms of the contract, Grocery can decide to continue wit the contract if Cereal can show that Cereal intends to meet the obligations of the contract. E.) Tom spent his time away from work on his hobby, model trains. His train set was very large and consisted of rare and one-of-a-kind trains. One day, while visiting with a fellow train hobbyist Harry, Tom said, When I retire in two years from Grocery, Im going to sell my trains and spend the rest of my years traveling on real trains. Tom then told Harry that he was the only person he planned to offer his trains to because he knew Harry would take good care of them. Harry said he looked forward to the day when he could buy the trains. Harry then spent the next two years and most of his savings  building a new 2,000 sq. ft. room onto his house to make room for the trains. When Harry told Tom that he was building the new room, Tom just smiled. Tom also heard that Harry had borrowed money from his aunt to buy the trains. When Tom retired, he sold his trains to David. Harry sued Tom claiming breach of contract, or in the alternative, for promissory estoppels. Who wins? Explain your an swer. Although Tom and Harry did not have a written contract about the purchase of the trains, they did have a verbal contract. Breach of contract is described as any failure to perform that is not excused (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers, Langvardt, 2004). When Tom told Harry that Tom would sell his trains to Harry, Harry had the reasonable expectation that Harry would receive the trains. Harry then spent a large amount of money building an addition to his house in order to have room for the trains. Harry also had borrowed the money to purchase the trains from his aunt. Promissory estoppel is an equitable doctrine that protects those who foreseeably and reasonably rely on the promises of others by enforcing such promises when enforcement is necessary to avoid injustice, even though one or more of the elements normally required for an enforceable agreement is absent (Mallor, et al, 2004, glossary). In this case an injustice to Harry did exist because of the money he spent in building onto his house and expectation he had of receiving the trains. Harry wins the case based on the recognition of promissory estoppels in section 90 in the first Restatement of Contracts in 1932 (Mallor, et al, 2004, 338). The court would see the injustice to Harry by Tom failing to fulfill his promise to sell his trains to Harry. F.) Jason shipped a truckload of peaches from his orchard to Grocery using an independent trucker. In route, the truck broke down and the shipment was delayed three days. The peaches were spoiled when they arrived. The terms of the contract were F.O.B. Who bears the risk? Explain your answer. F.O.B. (Free on Board) means the seller is responsible to deliver the goods  free of expense and at his own risk to the designated place of delivery. In this case Jacob was responsible for the shipment until it reached Grocery. Grocery would be able to file a suit against Jason for damages. Jason would, however, be able to file a suit against the independent trucker for the damages to the peaches. This case is similar to the case in the textbook Windows, Inc. v. Jordan Panel Systems Corp. In this case, however, the term FOB is not used. The windows were to be properly packed and shipped, but were damaged due to load shift during transport. The buyer, Jordan, expected to receive the windows in good condition, ready to install. When the windows were delivered in bad condition, Jordon filed against the trucking company and did not pay Windows for the order. Jordan then ordered a duplicate order to be shipped that Jordan received with no problem. The error in this case was that Jordan did not pay Windows for either order and Windows had to file suit against Jordan in order to be paid for the shipments. Judgment was affirmed in favor of Windows. G.) Discuss the different warranties that apply to Grocerys business. Explain your answer in detail. Grocerys business operates under the implied warranty of merchantability. This warranty is one that the legal community has created, not one that is operating under a written or accepted contract. The warranty operates under UCC section 2-314(l) . Section UCC 20314(l) reads: [A] warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind. (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt, 2007). Under this warranty, Grocerys implied warranty is that the products sold will be useable for the purpose intended. Grocery would be held responsible for products like canned goods, meats, bakery items, and the like because Grocery is in the business of selling these goods. Section 2-314 states the products must meet the following criteria. (1)In the trade, the product must pass inspection without objection. (2)The product must be fit for the purpose for which the product wasintended;(3)The product must be of even kind, quantity (same size unit), and kind (like boxed cereal). (4)The product must be adequately packaged and labeled (must list things like the calories per serving). (5)The product must conform to the packaging and labeling regarding any promises or statements that may be stated (the cereal must be Rice Krispies and not Cheerios if the box is marked Rice Krispies). (6)If a product is perishable, the product must be of fair quality. If goods do not conform to the above standards, a consumer may pursue legal remedies. Goods that do not function as intended are not merchandisable and would not meet the above standards. Furthermore, Grocery would be responsible for the goods sold at the store, not for computer products since the normal business of Grocery would be for canned goods, bakery items, meats, and the like. H.) Supplier Inc., a large wholesaler, had a contract with Grocery. Supplier sued Grocery for breach of contract when Grocery failed to place an order for goods by a specific date as specified in the contract. Each order was worth at least $550. Grocery contended that the contract Bill Green signed was a standard preprinted supply contract without specifics regarding time of order and quantity. Green had authority to sign a standard supply contract, but could not authorize specific terms. This was unknown to Supplier. Supplier argued that terms were boilerplate and therefore could be modified by acceptance. Supplier offered oral testimony at trial to prove that Green agreed to the modifications. Is there a contract? If so, what are the terms? Explain your answer. 1. Yes, there is a contract. The contract that Green claims to be a standard  preprinted supply contract and Suppliers claim can be modified by acceptance. 2. The terms are that Grocery was supposed to purchase goods by a specific date. 3. Each order is worth at least $550. a.) Also, discuss the use of Suppliers oral testimony at trial. 1. The use of Suppliers oral testimony can go either way. Oral testimony can be very effective if Supplier can prove that what Supplier is saying is true. Oral testimony can also be detrimental to Suppliers case if it is proven that Supplier is lying. 2. Presenting to the courts and the jury that the copy of the actual contract is always a good idea. It will be up to the courts to decide if the original contract stands or if it is void. References Edition e-text] Prentice-Hall Publishing. Retrieved August 25, 2005, from University of Phoenix, Resource BUS/415-Business Law Web Site:https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary/content/eReader. Mallor, J.P., Barnes, A.J., Bowers, T., Langvardt, A.W. (2007). Business law: The ethical, global and e-commerce environment, 13e. The McGraw-Hill CompaniesUniversity of Phoenix. (Ed) (2005). Business Law [University of Phoenix Custom]