Analysis of the government institutions, society, political system of Essay

Analysis of the government institutions, society, political system of Greece, - Essay Example The organizational structure created by the authorities is the most significant entity in predicting the performance of the community. The consideration within the paper accords the system in Greece and the impacts of the established societal system. The government institutions and political system within Greece present a given impact on the societal setting. With the structures established under consideration, the result can offer judgement to argue for or against the established framework in offering the needed result and stable coexistence. The modern civilization and the presented aspects in Europe had been considered to have origins from the ancient civilization in Greece. Ancient Greece had been organized into stable political systems that offered the ventures to create societal systems identified through the rich theatrical presentations, culture and architecture. The organization of the Greece had been included in relation to achieve civilization within Europe. The organization witnessed Sparta depict an Oligarchy government system, democracy established in the central Athens and monarchies established within the other states to establish an organization that lacked in the majority of the other states across Europe. The stable political system established within Greece led to the origin of the stability witnessed as compared to other European nations. The transition of the political Greece system fails to be listed in the format of transformation from feudalism to anthropocentrism as in the other European civilizations. The state had been under the centralized government system that had been influenced by the rule in Rome. However, in 1974, Greece had been altered to a democratic state to alter the relationship and role of the state and civil societies. The modifications saw the transition from the centralized governing system that saw a prolonged dictatorship rule of the military. The change saw the formation of

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Philosophy - Essay Example e worry that this world might too be a dream was famously expressed by the French philosopher Rene Descartes in the seventeenth century in his Meditations. In fact, he specifically sought to doubt whatever could be doubted in order to lay the foundations for true knowledge through reasoning. After pointing out what happens during sleep, he makes his ‘dreaming argument’ when he writes, â€Å"In dwelling carefully on this reflection, I see so manifestly that there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep that I am lost in astonishment. And my astonishment is such that it is almost capable of persuading me that I now dream† (Descartes, 2009: 12). Put simply, the reasoning of his argument is that perceptions during both states are similar, and given that there are no ways to distinguish between them, therefore this raises the possibility that even during ‘waking’ one may be dreaming such that the perceptions du ring ‘waking’ may turn out to be ‘false’ as in dreams. An outline of this argument is presented below. Thus, Descartes doubts both; being presently awake and being ever awake. He refers to the particulars (i.e. what we do) during sleep as false delusions, and the things represented to us in dreams, as â€Å"painted representations which can only have been formed as the counterparts of something real and true †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (ibid). Incidentally, this shows that the non-dream world does have a greater originality than the dream world because what is painted in dreams is not created ex nihilo, but he continues to suggest that all the thoughts he has â€Å"are no more true than the phantasies† of his dreams (ibid: 49). Furthermore, Descartes’ obsessively skeptical approach is rather dubious because in places, it does not make sense, and some of his ideas like the demon are hypothetical. Moreover, it is ironic that after much doubting and casting aside the trustworthiness of the senses, he never once doubts his own

The Rise of the Papacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rise of the Papacy - Research Paper Example e on earth will be  loosed in heaven†.1 After the ascension, Peter of course played an active and pivotal role in building the first Christian communities in Judea, Greece, and Rome. Although the earliest forms of Christianity were not â€Å"Catholic† per se, the subsequent movement of Catholicism traces its origins back to the very earliest Christians and leverage this understanding as a means of developing a type of ethos with respect to the church’s stature within Christendom. The purpose of this brief essay will focus upon the rise of the papacy and the manner through which the bishops of Rome came to define, and indeed be called, â€Å"pope† in the contemporary sense and meaning of the word. It is the hope of this author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial in helping the reader to come to a more profound understanding with respect to how this institution came into being and the causal factors that facilitated the rise of the papacy at the distinct moment in time that it took place. As has previously been referenced within the introduction, the foundations of the papacy can be traced back to the belief that Christ would found a church with Peter as its figurehead. As Christianity grew and Christian communities sprung up throughout the Mediterranean region, and elsewhere, the fundamental need for some type of control structure and/or figure of leadership was abundantly apparent. Peter, Paul, and the other apostles, noted in the New Testament, spent a great deal of time running between these early communities and seeking to avert major crises of faith/doctrine. As a matter of defining the way in which these groups of believers would engage with the gospel, interact with one another, and seek to integrate with the remainder of the Christian communities throughout the world, early forms of Christianity soon began to nominate and promote bishops within these communities as a means of providing a type of regional figurehead that could help to

Hyper Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hyper Globalization - Research Paper Example According to Rodrik it is impossible to have a situation where globalization flourishes while democracy and sovereignty succeed. Rodrik argues that where globalization flourishes, national policies are weak and where state democracy is strong globalization has no root in that country. Rodrik says that the choice is what is necessary for nations to choose either to succeed in the global integration or national interest. However, he argues a balance can be achieved like the Bretton Woods convention agreement. Rodrik Dani presents the Argentina scenario to argue that globalization and national politics are incompatible. Argentina economy collapsed after managing to pass the Convertibility Law which ensured that monetary mismanagement was checked to avoid loss of government fund. However, the law created unfavorable exchange rates that made investor turn down any investment opportunity in the country. The lawmaker had made it a political ideology to control the exchange rate and thus the ideas got support from every quarter of the nation. Nevertheless, the country bumped itself into the reality of the global economy. The advent of GATT and World Trade Organization brought an era that championed the benefit of globalization. These bodies strategized the functioning of the global market by drawing up laws that would check and improve trade between nations. According to Rodrik, the agreement of Bretton Woods, GATT and WTO refuted the national laws to accommodate free trade. The developed countries supported the idea of globalization and helped establish international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These institution initiated hyper-globalization, but with the subordination of national policies.  

Evironmental factor paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evironmental factor paper - Essay Example Domestically, Coca-Cola has designed a line of merchandise that features polar bears and many of these items are collectible. In fact, Coca-Cola paraphernalia has been a nostalgic collectible for several years as there are people all over the world hunting down items that are vintage but boast the company’s name and logo. It is all a means of advertisement and promotion but has been popular for several decades. It has become a leader among branding and includes the bottling of more than just Coca-Cola but also soft drinks and Vitaminwaters so to appeal to not only those whom drink soda, but also for those who wish to drink decaffeinated beverages and other non-carbonated drinks. Some of the environmental practices that could greatly impact the Coca-Cola company is that some people simply live in third world countries and may not have access to their products. This company does not necessarily target them as a priority audience but does its best to sponsor worldwide events which gain a lot of global attention such as the Olympic Games in which they have been corporate sponsors of the events on several different occasions. This familiarizes the entire world with the brand. Additionally, as chain restaurants such as McDonald’s has grown and become a global fast food chain, the company serves Coca-Cola beverages in their soda machines. This means that for anyone who orders a fountain drink at any location around the world, McDonald’s is under contract to serve Coca-Cola drinks. If one were to travel abroad, they might be interested to find that the formula of Coca-Cola is different in various different locations. In some parts of the world, the drink is sweeter than it is in other regions while in other areas of the world, the level of carbonation is also different as I have discovered this on my own, having ordered Coca-Cola products in other countries and the tastes are significantly different among a wide spectrum of

The Impact of E Commerce on Small Business Essay Example for Free

The Impact of E Commerce on Small Business Essay Impact of E-Commerce on Small Firms have factor that has influenced the processes of adoption and use of e-commerce in both small and medium enterprises and industries. Small scales firms that have adopted and have used e-commerce have taken into account not only the technological part and organisational aspects of implementation but also the strong user’s o the web sites with their own skills, attitude towards work, enthusiasm and fear of technology. Whereas on the other side of the story, the majority number of consumers have to pace with and effectively use the services offered through internet by enterprises. Thus to carry out a successful relationship and transactions between consumers and firms, they not only have to exchange money and products but also information and mutual trust. E-commerce has been simply defined as a use of electronic range of networks to simplify, resolve, improve and pace up the various stages and processes of business like buying and selling and delivery of goods and services. E-commerce`s prime driver is Internet which presents an hierarchical framework. The use of websites for small scales enterprises can create a major impact and global presence when compared to other Medias. The web are defined with no geographical boundaries or national boundaries but rather by the coverage of computer networks which offers widened access to different markets for small scales and micro enterprises. Small scale industries find more competitive markets and intense pressures with their limited resources and manpower and mainly of weaker market power. Due to this SME`S had to undergo pressure to co operate more into networks to spread information, develop costs and risks. Small scale industries are amongst the last ones to benefit from the new technology and are happily excited about the widened opportunities increased through internet and E-commerce. Internet Web Spending includes capital and operation incurred expenses to build and support new systems of web based. Small enterprises sell both to businesses and consumers though a majority share is been sold to consumers than businesses. Internet offers an access to wide range of goods and services that small scale industries are interested in and help them in their competitive field. It includes tools that small firms can use to enhance and flourish their businesses, reach new customers and maximize customer relationships. The basics must haves in internet usage of SME`S should be email, specialized industry/ professional information and product information. Email is to contact the same for urther relationship and to resolve any query. Professional information should be displayed as to stand out in the competitive market and showcase the goodwill of the enterprise and product information does creates an impact of the benefits it offers compared to other products and services. The final frontier is to reach the customers through the media created by Ecommerce. They are as follows: Creating a web site – The main state is the creation of a web site. The web site creation is a tedious process as it involves of thinking process and building up a website, its content, designing, security measures, all take in a lot of engineering. Once the website is created, we are ready to do business. Banner exchange/ showcasing advertisements on other websites – Once the web site creation part is completed, the focus comes on the advertising part which makes it to publicize the website on other websites and social sites for example, google ads, facebook ads, and etc. These are useful as they have a far reaching impact on state and national as well as global level. They are so effective that they can dig out customers from any corner of the earth, given that technology is available. Management tools for web sites – After the completion of the website, the management tools take in place such as that of the server, security and antivirus measures and many more. These are essential part of the tools and parts of the web site management. Visitors counting – There is a space on the website which when visited by a person, displays his visit number and the total number of members who have visited. This informs us the number of times the web site has been visited and successful of the website creation of the business. Ecommerce solutions – The next solutions is the Ecommerce solutions that is the solutions leading to the Ecommerce and it’s far reaching impact on the business where a problem is encountered operationally. The benefits to ecommerce impact on small scales industries are as follows: Global Reach: it has helped business to reach national and international markets with quite less costs incurred to find the best and most profitable suppliers, expand business, gain new customers and co-ordinate and find the best suitable partners for business. Minimise costs: Once the website is been designed it reduces the cost of hiring an offline mode of marketing. This acts as a major advantage of e-commerce. No customary charges are applied when website designs promotes the business. Certain offline marketing costs are cut and thus it reduces the costs overall. Building customer relationship : E-commerce helps in building the customer relationship as the customer is aware of the whole process while buying the goods and services and it creates a better impression about the she’s to the customers . The SME`s benefit in a way that the customer becomes fully aware of the product and services as personalized communication helps to attract customers and built a goodwill for a enterprise. The goods and services are up to dated on the websites with quality, price and size. Long Business Hours: Creating an online marketing field benefits the SMEs as in there is no fixed working hours. The sites are 24hours seven days a week available with no extra costs and transactions can be carried out any time of the day. Therefore Ecommerce has significantly showed a major growth in past few years. It has helped SME`S in enhancing growth, expanding and creating a new business measures in a much easier and implied manner. It has changed the way customers are been dealt and growth towards economy has also been observed.

The Gendering of International Conflict

The Gendering of International Conflict The Gendering of International Conflict International conflict, and the military culture and machine that drives it, emanates from the patriarchal power structure of our society. While many consider this to be an unchallengeable or inevitable component of human culture, recent application of feminist discourse to international conflicts reveals not only the inevitable links between military response to conflict and hegemonic masculinity, but also suggests alternative constructs for both dealing with conflict and preventing military intervention and war. Tickner (1999) and others present the dangers of the traditional stereotypical view of men as warriors and aggressive and women as peacemakers and passive. Masculinity is often defined as what is not feminine, and femininity as what is not masculine, although understanding the dynamics of one requires considering both the workings of the other and the relationship and overlap between the two (Cohn and Enloe 2003). Militarism gets defined as masculine, based on domination and violence, and peacemaking gets defined as feminine, based on compassion and passitivity (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001, 47). This causes forms of addressing conflict in any way other than a military or masculine response to be seen as feminine or a threat to manhood (Moylan 2003). For example, Cohn and Enloe (2003) consider why military response seemed by so many to be the only possible response to the September 11 attacks in the United States. The seemingly self-evident (to a lot of people) need to strike back is partly based on the assumption that it will work' (Cohn and Enloe 2003, 1203). There exists an old but dangerous assumption by many in power that violence will simply be more effective than a negotiated political solution or a response based on the enforcement of national or international law or on economic actions (Cohn and Enloe 2003, 1204). Cohn (2003) comments that she believes responding to violence with violence is an outflow of the interwoven ideas of national security and appropriate masculinity that dominate our political and cultural thought. Riddick agrees that the effectiveness of violent response is consistently overrated, with the costs of military response consistently underestimated (Cohn and Riddick 2002). The hegemonic man, favourin g action over relationship, responds to the threat of violence or conflict with a response that reinforces the idea of the male role as protector and emphasises physical strength. This masculinisation of military action, though strongly dominant both historically and cross-culturally, not only prevents the consideration of alternate and possibly more effective responses to conflict, but also damages the psyche of those it indoctrinates. The idea that the military will make you a man reinforces the concept that only one version of manhood is socially acceptable. The concept of hegemonic masculinity was originally introduced by R.W. Connell. He argues that at any given historical moment, there are many different masculinities, not only one but the hegemonic one (or ones) is the most valued one, the ideal (Cohn and Weber 1999, 461). This construct juxtaposes the ideal man not only against anything perceived as feminine, but also against other masculinities (Cohn and Weber 1999). It gives men who are able to conform to the single or few definitions of appropriate manhood the power to dominate both women and men outside this definition in their society. Over time, it is the men who succeed within such systems that consolidate their power, at the expense of other members of society; unfortunately the men do so at the expense of limiting their future response options to those that fit the hegemonic male construct to which they have succumbed. Men in positions of world leadership, typically products of this conformist environment, are then unable to consider national responses to international conflict outside their conditioned, action-focused response. Cohn and Enloe (1999), critiquing the film Saving Private Ryan, examine this military and cultural on the soldier, and all acceptable men in society, as real men. The underlying messages of the movie, they feel, are the perceived need for men to separate themselves from everything feminine. Masculine and feminine are two distinct constructs, without shared components (Tickner 1999). When feminine sentiments or responses are allowed in a conflict situation, the result is death. This squelching or compartmentalisation of â€Å"feminine† responses, emotions, and reactions from a position other than aggressive action threaten the very lives of not only the man who has â€Å"failed† at being a real man, but also the lives of all those around him. For example, in the movie a young, rather effeminate American compassionately allows a German soldier to go free rather than killing him in cold blood. The German later returns to kill soldiers in the Americans company. The message is that men have to make sacrifices for the good of the nation, and women and feminine sentiment are the polluting elements that prevent that from happening (Cohn and Weber 1999, 466). This skews the view of war and conflict to being a wholly male construct, with little consideration to the wants, needs, and viewpoints of women in conflictual situations. Service to the country, honour in battle, loyalty to one’s fellow soldiers, and the ability to face terrifying and potentially deadly situations with courage and fearlessness are the signs of both a successful soldier and a successful man (Cohn and Weber 1999). The view of war as destructive, both to the countries that wage it, the soldiers who fight in it, and the civilians who suffer through it, becomes a secondary image of military action. The desire to find a way of resolving the issues at hand through negotiation, dialogue, and understanding is devalued and rejected (Ruddick 1989). Women remain those less likely to cause war and violence, most likely to suffer from it in their own homes and communities, and the least valued in terms of the development of effective systems for conflict resolution. Rabrenovic and Roskos (2001) also point out that while war offers some men both new career opportunities and increased power, women typically are not afforded such benefits, but rather face â€Å"the disruption of services, the shortage of necessary resources, the loss of men’s contribution to the household, as well as the every-present worry for safety of their children† (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001, 48). Therefore resolution of the conflict may jeopardise economic and political standing for some men, particularly those in charge of military operations. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to benefit from and therefore pursue peaceful resolutions of conflict involving cooperation and compromise (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). Male leaders in a military conflict typically strive to end it through â€Å"winning,† or achieving a cease-fire agreement which results in increase in their own power and the power of their nation (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). They are l ess likely to focus on a means of resolution that most easily accommodates rebuilding the countries impacted by the war, or on establishing systems and practices that enable the use of non-violent alternatives to preventing future conflict (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). Feminist discourse contends that international conflict does not require an automatic move to military, violent, or force-based response (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). Reardon (1993) envisions true peace as deriving from â€Å"relationships amongst people and nations based on trust, cooperation, and recognition of the interdependence and importance of the common good and mutual interests of all peoples† (4-5). It is not sufficient to simply include women in political and power systems designed by and for men, which therefore use a highly masculinised response mechanism for addressing world issues (Scott 1988, Moylan 2003). Rather, women must be both brought into the decision-making and system developing processes and empowered to include alternative perspectives and means of addressing, conflict, war, and peace. Many women’s organisations have attempted to suggest alternate resolution and conflict prevention strategies from their traditional positions as mothers (Ruddick 1989). This shifts motherhood from a private to a public activity, allowing women and women’s organisations to engage in political and peace strategy discourse and challenge typical and assumed conflict resolution activities. The recent UN resolution 1325 â€Å"makes gender a routinely considered component in the full range of work undertaken by the Security Council† (Cohn, Kinsella and Gibbings 2004, 131). However, there is a significant difference between the simple inclusion of women and gender considerations in international policy and process, and the significant shift in systems called for by the full inclusion of feminist theory in the realm of international conflict. Rabrenovic and Roskos (2001) contend that women â€Å"must persist in gaining greater visibility for women’s peace-work and feminist insights on peacemaking and noting that in the context of unravelling the dynamics of war-making, women have not made sufficient progress† (42). Strong and widespread resistance remains the common response in most countries to any questioning of the use of force as a legitimate response to conflict or manifestation of power (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). An additional consideration is the different manifestations of feminism and feminist thought in different cultures. There are a number of worthy feminist thinkers outside the privileged Western realm that is published or given voice in media outlets (Sylvester 1999). Elshtain (2001) examines the different practises and goals of women’s groups in a number of countries, many of which are not in line with the brand of feminism promoted in the West. In Prague, for example, feminists contended â€Å"we want to emphasise concrete problems, not ideologies† (Elshtain 2001, 546). After years of forced involvement in the workforce and requirements to place their children in poorly run state-sponsored day cares, women in Czechoslovakia valued the choice they now have to work or stay home, and considered this at odds to discourse they had encountered from Europe and the United States (Elshtain 2001). Feminists in Palestine were perplexed by the West’s emphasis on freedom, bu t perceived unwillingness to promote the freedom of the Palestinian people. Women there also were confused by comments of several American feminist theorists who viewed head scarves as a form of oppression, which the Palestinian women who wear them do not (Elshtain 2001). It is important, therefore, to concentrate on vital and universal feminist values, viewpoints and aims rather than be distracted by issues not considered important to women in the cultures where the issues exist. Women worldwide should be aware of their options, but encouraged to live from the cultural construct they personally value, and impact their society from this construct. At the same time, Moylan (2003) noted that when men become uncomfortable in viewing power structures and response mechanisms, often feeling a threat to their manhood, â€Å"many women will work to end the men’s discomfort by agreeing with them rather than by expecting them to explore the reasons why they are uncomfortable (571). This leads to a perpetualisation of the very power structures and response mechanisms that need to be challenged. Cohn and Enloe (2003) ask what it takes to â€Å"genuinely demilitarise a society† (1189). First, cultures must allow for separation of hegemonic masculinity, manhood, and the use of force. This is beginning to happen in some areas of the world, where alternate life choices are increasingly tolerated and even valued. â€Å"Gender analysis and gender disaggregated data must be used to bring women’s experiences to the forefront of the conversation and eventually to recast the very meanings of the topics under negotiation, in this case to challenge the very meaning of war and peace† (Scott 1988, 3). This will cause distress to many in the patriarchal power structure that dominates our world organisations. However, with perseverance, the reward of a world where military action and war are not the typical response to international conflict, where men are empowered to express various versions of masculinity, rather than being forced into a hegemonic construct, and wher e women are both participants in the actions and the creation of international policy and practises is well worth the effort. REFERENCES Cohn, C., Enloe, C. 2003. A conversation with Cynthia Enloe: Feminists Look at Masculinity and the Men Who Wage War. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1187-1207. Cohn, C., Kinsella, H., Gibbings, S. 2004. Women, Peace and Security. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 6, no. 1, March 2004, pp. 130-140. Cohn, C., Weber, C. 1999. Missions, Men and Masculinities. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. ?, no. ?, ? 1999, pp. 460-475. Elshtain, J.B. 2001. Exporting Feminism. Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1995, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 541-558. Moylan, P. 2003. Teaching Peace: The Challenge of Gendered Assumptions. Peace and Change, vol. 28, no. 4, October 2003, pp. 570-574. Rabrenovic, G., Roskos, L. 2001. Introduction: Civil Society, Feminism, and the Gendered Politics of War and Peace. NWSA Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, Summer, pp. 40-54. Reardon, B. 1993. Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security. State University of New York Press, Albany. Ruddick, S. 1989. Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Beacon Press, Boston. Scott, J.W. 1988. Gender and the Politics of History. Columbia University Press, New York. Sylvester, C. 1999. Bringing Philosophy to Feminism and Peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 377-379. Tickner, A.J. 1999. Why Women Can’t Run the World: International Politics According to Francis Fukuyama. International Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 3–11.